Your shipment is ready. The buyer is waiting. And then customs flags it, not because anything is wrong with the goods, but because a document you didn't know was mandatory.

The certificate of origin is one of those documents that sits quietly in the background until it causes a very loud problem.

This guide breaks down what a country of origin certificate is, when you need one, the different types, and how to get one without the last-minute panic.

A certificate of origin is an official document that confirms the country where your goods were manufactured, grown, or substantially processed. Customs authorities in the destination country use it to determine applicable duties, whether the goods qualify for trade agreement (FTA) benefits, and whether the shipment can enter at all. You'll see it referred to as a CO, COO, cert of origin, or country of origin certificate, depending on who you're dealing with, but they all mean the same thing.

How the certificate of origin differs from the country of origin and the rules of origin

These three terms often get used interchangeably, but they're not the same thing.

Why exporters need a certificate of origin

Without a certificate of origin, your shipment arrives at the destination country as unknown. Customs doesn't know where the goods came from, so they can't confirm the applicable duties, verify trade agreement eligibility, or clear the shipment without delays.&nbsp;

For Indian exporters, the COO is often the document that determines how much your buyer pays in import duties. If India has a Free Trade Agreement with the destination country, a valid certificate of origin can help your goods qualify for a reduced or zero tariff rate. Without it, your buyer pays the standard rate, which can make your product significantly more expensive than a competitor's from a country that submitted the right paperwork.

There are two primary categories of COO, and which one you need depends on whether a trade agreement exists between India and your destination country.&nbsp;

This is the standard certificate used when no Free Trade Agreement applies between the exporting and importing countries. Customs authorities use it for import procedures, statistical reporting, and in some cases, anti-dumping enforcement.&nbsp;

Most countries require a non-preferential CO as a baseline document regardless of any trade agreement status. Think of it as the default; you'll need it even when nothing special is going on.

This one comes into play when India has a trade agreement with the destination country, and your goods qualify for reduced or zero import duties under that agreement. The buyer's customs authority needs proof that the goods genuinely originate from India before granting the benefit, and the preferential CO is that proof.

Examples include the India-ASEAN FTA, India-UAE CEPA, India-Sri Lanka FTA, and SAFTA. Each agreement has its own rules of origin criteria that your goods must meet before you can claim preferential treatment.

The key difference from a non-preferential CO comes down to what's at stake.&nbsp;

They're also issued differently. Non-preferential certificates are typically issued by chambers of commerce, while preferential certificates are often issued by government bodies such as the DGFT or require a specific format mandated by the trade agreement.

When is a certificate of origin required?

Whether you need one depends on where you're shipping, what you're shipping, and what your buyer needs to clear the goods on their end.

Countries that require a certificate of origin

Requirements vary significantly by destination.&nbsp;

The Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Kuwait, and Qatar, is known for strict COO requirements, often needing attestation from the chamber of commerce and sometimes the destination country's embassy.&nbsp;

Most ASEAN countries require it when preferential duties are being claimed under the India-ASEAN FTA.&nbsp;

The US, UK, and EU generally don't mandate it for every shipment but do require it for specific product categories or when anti-dumping duties are in question.

When a certificate of origin may be waived

Not every shipment needs a formal COO. Low-value shipments are often exempt; many countries set a threshold below which origin documentation isn't required. The exact value varies by country, so it's worth checking rather than assuming.

Under certain trade agreements, exporters can submit a simplified origin declaration directly on the invoice instead of a formal certificate. This is common under agreements like the India-UAE CEPA for eligible exporters. Some agreements also allow for the importer's knowledge, where the importer themselves can declare the origin of goods based on their own documentation, removing the need for a formal certificate entirely.

These exemptions exist, but they come with conditions. Using them incorrectly exposes you to the same penalties as a wrong declaration.

The issuing authority depends on the type of certificate you need and the trade agreement involved.&nbsp;

For most standard and non-preferential certificates, the local Chamber of Commerce is your go-to. You submit your application along with supporting documents, they review and stamp it, and the signed certificate is accepted by customs authorities across most destinations. In India, chambers like FICCI, CII, and regional chambers are authorised to issue these.

Government agencies and customs authorities

Some trade agreements require certificates issued specifically by government bodies. Under the India-ASEAN FTA, for instance, the certificate must come from the<a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/iec-code-registration"> DGFT</a> rather than a chamber. DGFT also handles preferential COOs under several other Indian FTAs. These carry greater regulatory weight and are directly tied to the agreement's compliance framework.

Self-certification and third-party certifiers

Newer trade agreements are moving toward exporter self-certification, in which eligible exporters can declare origin themselves on the invoice or in a standalone declaration. India-UAE CEPA allows this for approved exporters. It's faster, but the compliance responsibility shifts entirely to you; an incorrect self-certified declaration carries the same penalties as any other wrong declaration, sometimes more.

How to get a certificate of origin for export

Most chambers and government bodies now offer online submission, so you're not always running to an office with a physical file. That said, accuracy matters more than speed here; a wrong HS code or vague product description can get your application rejected or, worse, cause problems at the destination.

Before you fill anything out, gather these: your commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading or air waybill, and, if applicable, a manufacturer's declaration or production proof. The manufacturer's declaration becomes important when you're not the one producing the goods.

&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Complete the application form

The form will ask for exporter and importer details, a description of the goods, the HS code, the quantity, and the value. The product description must match your invoice exactly; any inconsistency will flag the application. Double-check your HS code before submitting. It's one of the most common and most consequential errors.

For non-preferential certificates, submit to your regional Chamber of Commerce. Many chambers now have online portals; FICCI and CII both offer digital applications. For preferential certificates under specific FTAs, submissions are made through the DGFT portal. Note that chamber applications often require membership, so factor that in if you're applying for the first time.

Fees vary by chamber and certificate type. Paper certificates typically cost more to process than electronic ones. Most chambers charge somewhere between ₹200 and ₹500 per certificate for standard processing, with expedited options available if your shipment timeline is tight. DGFT fees for preferential certificates are separate and depend on the agreement.

Standard processing takes one to three working days at most chambers. Digital certificates are often faster. You'll receive either a stamped paper certificate or a digitally verified electronic version, depending on your destination's requirements. Keep a copy on file; some importers and banks ask for it months after the shipment has cleared.

Paper vs electronic certificates of origin

Paper certificates are still widely accepted, but they come with obvious friction, physical submission, courier time, and the risk of damage or loss in transit. Electronic certificates of origin (eCOs) have largely solved these problems. They're faster to process, harder to forge, and increasingly accepted across major trade destinations, including the UAE, EU, and ASEAN countries.

The bigger advantage of eCOs is verification. Digital certificates carry unique tracking numbers that customs authorities can authenticate in real time, reducing fraud and speeding up clearance.

Common certificate of origin mistakes to avoid

Some mistakes don't show up until the shipment is already held.

Certificate of Origin vs. Other Export Documents

Each document answers a different question. Customs authorities need all of them together because no single document tells the full story of a shipment.

Simplify your export payment documentation with Skydo

Getting your certificate of origin right is only one part of export compliance. The payment side needs equal attention; FIRA, GST-compliant invoices, and transaction records all come into play when you're receiving <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/cross-border-payments">international payments</a>.

Skydo makes this easier for Indian exporters. You get instant <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/automated-firc-simplifying-international-payments-compliance">FIRA </a>delivered to your inbox the moment a payment is received, GST-compliant invoicing built into the dashboard, and real-time payment tracking so you're never chasing a client for updates.

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You close your cash books for the month, relieved that the numbers look correct. But when the bank statement arrives, things do not add up. Sounds familiar?

This mismatch, which is pretty common, shows up because your books and your bank did not record the transactions at the same time, or in the same way. That’s the reason businesses need to prepare a bank reconciliation statement (BRS).

This guide explains the correct bank reconciliation statement format and how to deal with challenges when you deal with <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/cross-border-payments">cross-border payments</a>.

A bank reconciliation statement is a document through which you can identify the differences between the balance recorded in your cash book or accounting records and the balance that your bank passbook shows on a given date. It happens because the transactions do not appear at the same time in both records.

For instance, you issue a cheque today and get it recorded in your books. The bank is likely to update the balance only when the cheque is cleared. Both the balances will differ until that happens. In a bank reconciliation statement, all these differences are listed. This helps you understand how the bank statement arrives at the final balance.

Businesses must understand that this reconciliation statement is not a formal financial statement. Instead, it’s an internal control tool that is usually prepared monthly or at the end of the period. However, you may also get it done daily or weekly if you run a high-volume business.

Why is a Bank Reconciliation Statement Prepared?

As a business, you may assume that your bank balance always remains accurate. However, many organizations end up making risky decisions as they continue to rely on a single source.

The main reasons why a bank reconciliation statement is prepared have been presented below:

There’s always a chance for errors to creep into your cash books as a result of incorrect entries. Even processing issues can result in incorrect entries in bank statements.

At times, there are certain transactions that are showing up in your bank statements, but they do not appear in your books. These usually include bank charges, interest credits, and customer deposits.

You may also notice unexpected entries in your bank statements. These include unauthorized withdrawals and duplicate payments. A bank reconciliation statement helps to identify these issues.

Often, your cash books may show more money than you actually have. In these situations, you may be approving payments that cannot be cleared or delaying payments to your vendors unnecessarily. With accurate reconciliation, you would be making your decisions based on the availability of real cash.

It takes time to track some transactions. These include cheques issued but not yet presented, and deposits made close to the month-end. Through reconciliation, you can track these pending items.

Auditors largely rely on bank reconciliation statements to verify whether your financial records are accurate. They also get a clear picture of the completeness of your transactions. A comprehensive reconciliation statement serves as an audit trail.

In case you’re dealing with global clients, mismatches in bank statements can be more complex. For instance, a company invoices $4,000 at ₹83 per dollar. In this case, the expected amount would be ₹3,32,000.

However, the bank credits the funds, considering the dollar value to be ₹82. It also deducts ₹3,000 as fees. The actual amount received would be ₹3,25,000, creating a difference of ₹7,000. Unless you have a well-prepared bank reconciliation statement, this difference would be unclear.

Now, check out the process of preparing a bank reconciliation statement.

How to Prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement?

Businesses must have a clear idea of the bank reconciliation statement rules to prepare these statements.

First, collect your cash book or general ledger that contains relevant records. Also, get the bank statement for the same period. In case there’s a difference in time periods, you can identify the false mismatches.

Now, you need to compare each entry in your books with that in your bank statement. Look at the amount in the transactions, date, and the reference number. Mark the entries that appear in both the records, as they are already reconciled.

Next, shortlist the entries that appear only in one record. Usually, they come under two categories.&nbsp;

These include cheques that have been issued but still have not been cleared, and deposits that have not yet been credited.

These numbers usually include charges deducted by the bank, interest credited, and direct transfers.

Now that you know the mismatches, group them into differences in timing, missing entries, and errors. This would make your next step easier.&nbsp;

Start with the balance based on your cash book. Then, add the transactions that have been recorded by the bank but not by you. Deduct the transactions that you recorded, but the bank has yet to process. The figure you adjusted must match the bank balance.

Now, check whether the final balances match and whether the documents support all the entries. As per your financial records, save the statement. Some of the common categories of mismatch include:

Note: A few extra steps are required for foreign transactions.

What is the Format of a Bank Reconciliation Statement?

A reconciliation statement starts with one balance and uses reconciling items to adjust it until it matches the other balance. Here’s the standard bank reconciliation statement format:

Businesses must understand how these adjustments work in real scenarios before they apply the process. The examples below demonstrate how mismatches usually appear and how reconciliation helps to resolve them.

Reconciling local transactions is manageable. However, when international payments involve exchange rate changes, hidden deductions, and delayed confirmations, the process becomes challenging to manage. Particularly, if there are multiple such transactions that involve different currencies in a single day, the process gets complicated over time.

If you’re tired of chasing SWIFT copies and manually calculating forex differences, check out how <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/minimise-tds-foreign-payments">Skydo</a> gives you clear transaction records and payment visibility in real time.

What Are the Challenges in Preparing Bank Reconciliation Statements?

Although the process is methodical, it’s hard to find real-world reconciliations. Businesses usually encounter the following challenges while preparing their bank reconciliation statements.

As the volume of transactions increases, manual reconciliation becomes time-consuming. Errors start showing up too often. For instance, it might take several hours to match 300 transactions manually.

It might take some time for transactions recorded at the end of a period to reflect. For instance, payments that you received at the end of the month or deposits credited after a delay may create temporary mismatches.

Sometimes, banks deduct maintenance fees and transfer charges. These are often not recorded in your books. You realize them only during reconciliation.

In cross-border payments, there might be a difference between the invoice rate and the credit rate. Mismatches can be seen even in correct payments.

Often, multiple banks are involved in international transfers. Each bank may deduct a fee, which lowers the credited amount. Also, businesses experience a lack of clarity on deductions.

Due to delays in SWIFT transfers, global transactions may take 2-5 working days. This also leads to mismatches in different accounting periods.

Your bank may not provide a detailed breakdown of the cross-border transfer fee and real-time updates. This makes it difficult to prepare reconciliations.

When international payments are involved, there’s no denying that handling reconciliation manually becomes a challenge. Skydo comes to your rescue, improving visibility and reducing unnecessary variables. Here are the key benefits businesses derive from Skydo:

Simplify your international payment reconciliation with <a href="https://www.skydo.com">Skydo</a> today.

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For inward payments, Skydo auto-tags the right purpose code, so you never get stuck on a compliance review.

Before you send money abroad, you need to select the correct RBI purpose code for outward remittance. This is crucial for complying with the guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India. Choosing the wrong purpose code for outward remittance can lead to transaction issues.

Have a look at the complete <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/rbi_purpose_code_for_inward_remittance">purpose code list</a> for outward remittance and how to choose the right purpose code for outward remittance.

What is a Purpose Code for Outward Remittance?

A purpose code for outward remittance is a unique alphanumeric code provided by the RBI to indicate the reason behind a foreign exchange transaction sent from India. It helps the RBI track foreign exchange outflows from India systematically.

It also helps in compiling the Balance of Payments (BoP) statistics accurately, which are critical indicators of the country’s economic transactions with foreign countries.

Why Does RBI Require Purpose Codes for Foreign Payments?

The RBI requires the purpose code for foreign outward remittance to ensure every transfer adheres to the regulations of the <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/fema-vs-fcra">Foreign Exchange Management Act</a> (FEMA), 1999. Here are the other reasons why these codes are important:

Overall, purpose codes play a critical role in ensuring that foreign transactions remain traceable, compliant and well-regulated. This becomes even more relevant as outward remittances continue to grow in scale.&nbsp;

How are Purpose Codes for Outward Remittance Structured?

The purpose codes of RBI are designed in a manner such that a letter prefix is provided, which indicates the type of transaction. Additionally, a 4-digit number is provided, which indicates the type of transaction. Have a look at the table below for a better understanding:

The purpose codes of outward remittance are categorised into two types:

Capital account codes represent daily transactions and payments. For individuals, these include education, travel, medical treatment, and gifts. In terms of businesses, these are payments for imports and services.

This type of transaction represents investment and financing. This includes investing in international property, stocks or repaying loans.

Complete List of RBI Purpose Codes for Outward Remittance

Since the RBI has an extensive list of purpose codes, they are divided into four categories here. Have a look at the complete list of purpose codes for outward remittance used for business purposes:

How to Select the Correct Purpose Code for Your Transaction?

Have a look at the step-by-step process below to select the correct purpose code for your transaction:

Identify the accurate reason for the transfer, such as trade payments, investments, debt repayments, or other financial operations.

A thorough list of purpose codes arranged by different transaction types is provided by the <a href="https://www.rbi.org.in/">Reserve Bank of India</a>. Find the code that best fits your transaction by looking through this list. For example, as a software developer paying for a software as a service subscription, you should use S0802, as opposed to the more generic S0805, which is for business services.

To prevent any legal problems, make sure the purpose code complies with the rules established by the RBI and other pertinent authorities.

If you are not sure which purpose code to use, ask your bank or other financial institution for help. They can provide guidance depending on the particulars of your transaction and any applicable regulations.

Include the purpose code and any necessary supporting documents for the transaction's purpose before starting the outward remittance. This makes it easier for banks to handle transactions and helps guarantee that rules are followed.

Additionally, some purpose codes require supporting documents like Form <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/form-15ca-and-15cb">15ca</a>/CB, contracts, and invoices. It is essential to clarify the supporting documents needed from the bank before you proceed to make the remittance to avoid any delay.

How Do Purpose Codes Relate to Form 15CA?

A purpose code for outward remittance is related to Form 15CA. You must choose a specific code on Form 15CA that explains why you are moving money outside of India. This code guarantees adherence to tax regulations and aids in categorising the payment type. The codes are arranged according to the remittance's intended use.

Select the appropriate code to comply with regulations and notify tax authorities of the reason for the money transfer. For the most up-to-date information on purpose codes in Form 15CA, consult the most recent instructions from the Income Tax Department of India.

What Happens If You Use the Wrong Purpose Code?

Using an incorrect purpose code for outward remittance will result in various adverse effects:

Simplify Your Business Transactions with Skydo

Understanding the purpose code for outward remittance is crucial for identifying the nature of the transaction. However, choosing the right one is important to avoid transaction delays, rejection, and other compliance issues.

However, if you run an exporter business, Skydo can assist you in managing your compliance documents to facilitate seamless payment processing for <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/inward-remittance-in-india">inward remittance</a>. Skydo simplifies global business operations by offering virtual accounts in various currency options and transparent fee structures.

Create your free account with <a href="https://www.skydo.com/">Skydo</a> today and simplify your complexities while you focus on your business growth.

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When you step into an export business, obtaining an Authorised Dealer (AD) Code becomes non-negotiable. It links your bank account with Indian Customs so your shipments move forward without unnecessary delays. Beyond just the movement of goods, it also plays a crucial role in tracking foreign exchange transactions.&nbsp;

Let’s take a closer look at what an AD Code is, its purpose and how to obtain it.&nbsp;

An AD code is a unique 14-digit numeric identifier, which is issued by the RBI-authorised banks to both importers and exporters. Banks that are allowed to deal in foreign exchange can issue an AD code.

A bank AD code assures that the current account is approved to send and receive international business payments legally. The bank issues an AD code letter in a standard format as prescribed by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).

The 14-digit AD code consists of an alphanumeric format, which is structured below:

A lot of individuals often consider an AD code as the <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/rbi_purpose_code_for_inward_remittance">rbi purpose code</a>. However, the key differences between these codes are:

Why is AD Code Required for Exporters and Importers?

Now that you know what AD code means, you must realise it is not just a procedural requirement. Its importance spans multiple stages of international trade, from customs clearance to receiving export benefits.&nbsp;

When submitting shipping bills to customs officials, an AD code is mandatory. It enables customs officers to confirm the validity of the transaction and guarantee compliance with import and export laws.

The AD Code helps the RBI keep a close watch on foreign exchange inflows and outflows under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) regulations. It reduces the risk of unauthorised or suspicious cross-border transactions.

Exporters need an AD Code to get government incentives such as the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP), Duty Drawback and GST refunds. It ensures you do not miss out on these earnings, since these incentives are credited directly to the bank account linked with the code.&nbsp;

Not every business requires an AD Code. Let’s understand who actually needs it:

What Documents are Required for AD Code Registration?

To register for an AD code, submit the following necessary documents:

Getting an AD code from your bank is a mandatory first step for ICEGATE registration, which allows you to carry out export transactions and receive foreign remittances.

First, make sure you have a current account with a bank that is permitted to handle foreign exchange transactions. It is best to check with your bank in advance since this authorisation is not available with every bank.&nbsp;

Step 2. Submit an AD Code Request Letter to Your Bank

Write a formal letter to your bank asking for the AD Code. In addition to requesting the issuance of a 14-digit AD code, your letter should explicitly describe your intended purpose and business needs in detail.

Keep the required documents handy, including the bank certificate, <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/iec-code-registration">iec certificate</a> and company PAN card.

Before releasing the AD Code letter on their official letterhead, the bank will confirm all of your information and supporting documentation. Depending on your bank's policies, this process usually takes a few business days.

Visit the <a href="https://www.icegate.gov.in/#">ICEGATE</a> portal and follow the steps below to register your AD code to make it functional:

If you do not have a user ID, create one on the ICEGATE portal. You may access a variety of customs-related services through this government portal.

Use the e-Sanchit portal to upload your AD Code letter and any accompanying documentation. Make sure every document is formatted correctly and is easy to read.

Follow these steps in ICEGATE: “Financial Services” → “Bank Account Management” → “AD Code Registration”.

Complete all required fields, including your AD code, bank name, branch details, and port information. Double-check all entries for accuracy.

After submitting your form, wait for customs clearance. This procedure guarantees that the customs database is successfully linked to your AD code.

Registering the AD Code on ICEGATE is free of cost. However, the bank may charge a fee for issuing the AD Code letter. Apart from this, there are no recurring charges after registration.

Both the AD Code and the IEC Code are crucial regulatory standards for cross-border trade. Let us understand their relationship in the table below:

Once you have your <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/iec-code">IEC code</a>, obtaining the AD Code is the next step to unlock global business opportunities!&nbsp;

What are the Benefits of Having an AD Code for Your Export Business?

An AD Code helps reduce day-to-day operational load, so the export process can run more smoothly. Here are some of its primary benefits:&nbsp;

Simplify International Payments with Skydo

Obtaining AD Code takes care of compliance but getting paid should not feel like another task to manage. This is where Skydo comes in!&nbsp;

Being a <a href="https://www.skydo.com/blog/cross-border-payments">cross-border payment</a> aggregator, Skydo can help you <a href="https://www.skydo.com/receive-international-payments-in-india">receive international payments</a> via your local bank accounts. You can access virtual accounts for your export business in EUR, USD, GBP, and SGD and receive payments seamlessly. Additionally, our platform comes with flat fees and no hidden forex markups.

So what are you waiting for? Get started with <a href="https://www.skydo.com/">Skydo </a>now!

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Importing goods into India involves strict tracking of payments made overseas and ensuring they align with regulatory requirements. This is where IDPMS becomes essential. It plays a key role in linking the inward movement of goods with outward remittances, helping businesses stay compliant with foreign exchange laws.

As of February 2026, total imports to India are at $80.09 billion, indicating positive growth, and if you are someone into the import business, here is all you need to know about IDPMS.&nbsp;

What is IDPMS and What Does It Stand For?

The IDPMS full form stands for Import Data Processing and Monitoring System. It is a centralised and digital platform that tracks import transactions to India that involve the actual incoming shipment and its respective remittance or payment.&nbsp;

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Indian customs jointly introduced it in 2016 to maintain transparency and control over how import payments are moving out of India.&nbsp;

As an advanced solution, it replaced the traditional manual system for tracking the bill of entry and follow-ups. It is now an automated process and data exchange between Customs and Authorised Dealer banks (AD) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The RBI introduced IDPMS to eliminate gaps in tracking import payments and ensure they are backed by actual goods entering the country. Earlier, the manual system often led to delays, mismatches and limited visibility into transactions.&nbsp;

By digitising the process, IDPMS creates a unified link between AD banks, customs and other stakeholders to create a complete and traceable record. This, in turn, helps detect any fraudulent or non-genuine import transactions.&nbsp;

Here are the key solutions that IDMPS brings to the table:

Pro Tip: After making each import payment, ask your AD bank for a written confirmation that the related Bill of Entry has been closed in IDPMS.

The IDPMS process involves coordinated actions between customs, AD banks and importers to ensure accurate tracking and closure of import transactions. To understand this better, let’s look at how the process unfolds step by step:

It begins with customs authorities handling import documentation and data transmission.

<b>Step 1:</b> When imported goods arrive at the ports, customs generate a BoE and send it to the AD bank of the importer via the ICEGATE portal.

<b>Step 2</b>: A 14-digit code on the BoE identifies the importer’s bank and ensures the right bank receives the data.

Once the data is received, AD banks take over the payment processing and tracking.

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